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学术论文写作时态语态规范指南
论文写作技巧的考试政策是很多考生和家长关心的事。学术论文写作中，时态决定句子的时间指向，语态决定主语的角色定位，两者结合才能准确传达研究信息。今天小编通过实例展示三种主要时态下语态的灵活运用，帮助写作者提升表达准确度。感到兴趣的网友跟着小编一同来下文看看吧
主动语态-主语为行动的实施方。
被动语态-主语为行动的接收方。
在撰写科学论文时我们会使用各种各样的时态。下面是一些在不同时态下使用主动语态和被动语态的例子：
1.现在时-通常在概论，讨论和结论中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: Vitamin A increases the risk of hair loss.
Passive: The risk of hair loss is increased by vitamin A.
Example 2:
Active: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industries and vehicleexhausts can induce a series of environmental problems, including photochemicalsmog, broken ozonosphere, and environmental pollution.
Passive: A series of environmental problems, including photochemical smog,broken ozonosphere, and environmental pollution, can be induced by volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industries and vehicle exhausts.
2.现在时-通常在目标中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: In this study, we present our design of an electric hot water tank.
Passive: In this study, a design of an electric hot water tank is presented.
Example 2:
Active: This study develops an efficient methodology to examine a space–timecontinuous dataset for urban irrigation water use.
Passive: An efficient methodology to examine a space–time continuous datasetfor urban irrigation water use is developed in this study.
3.现在完成时-通常在概论，讨论和总结中使用的时态
Example 1:
Active: Previous studies have used comparative analysis of ORF2 sequences toelucidate phylogenetic relationships among different FCV isolates.
Passive: Comparative analysis of ORF2 sequences has been used in previousstudies to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among different FCV isolates.
Example 2:
Active: only a small number of empirical studies have focused on the patternsand mechanisms behind disease clusters at small spatial scales, especially inwild host–pathogen systems [2].
Passive: The patterns and mechanisms behind disease clusters at small spatialscales, especially in wild host–pathogen systems, have been focused on by onlya small number of empirical studies [2].
4.过去时：通常用于材料与方法/结果
Example 1:
Active: We determined the presence of larvae by dip netting.
Passive: The presence of larvae was determined by dip netting.
Example 2:
Active: We evaluated the number of haplotypes (h), haplotypes (Hd), andnucleotides (π) using the DnaSP 5.10 program [3].
Passive: The number of haplotypes (h), haplotypes (Hd), and nucleotides (π) wasevaluated using the DnaSP 5.10 program [3].
Example 3:
Active: We found a strong correlation between above-ground and below-groundbiomass accumulation in Platanus occidentalis.
Passive: A strong correlation was found between above-ground and below-groundbiomass accumulation in Platanus occidentalis.
论文绪论组成部分写法
1、研究背景编写要求：
研究背景就是国内外现状、发展历程和前人得出的结论之类。
2、研究意义编写要求：
选题意义是主要是用来阐述本次研究的价值，是开题报告中的重要部分，在实际写作中，选题意义一般作为开题报告里面的第一节内容。写开题报告的研究意义，其实就是要请导师来评判这个选题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。
3、中文摘要编写要求：
浓缩文章观点，重点展示研究结论、突出创新点；具有独立性与自含性，读者不阅读论文全文便可获得论文主要内容，可以作为完整短文供文摘与论点摘编等二次文献采用或独立存在；不出现图表、非公知公用符号、简称与缩写等；长度200至300汉字。